BOTH………..AND…………

Noun Noun

Adjective Adjective

Subject + Verb + BOTH + Adverb AND + Adverb

Prepositional phrase Prepositional phrase

Contoh :

(Robert is talented. He is also handsome) disatukan menjadi :

1. Robert is both talented and handsome

^{adjective adjective}

(Beth plays the guitar. She also plays the violin) disatukan menjadi :

2. Betty plays both the guitar and violin (‘play’ bentuk Simple Present)

^{Noun Noun}

(He writes correctly. He also writes neatly) disatukan menjadi :

3. The research project will take both time and money (‘will take’ bentuk Simple Future)

^{noun noun}

(He writes correctly. He also writes neatly) disatukan menjadi :

4. He writes both correctly and neatly

^{adverb adverb}

(David is good at mathematics. He is good at Biology) disatukan menjadi :

5. David is both good at Mathematics and at Biology

^{Prepositional phrase Prepositional phrase}

(Katon played the guitar. He sang the songs…….) disatukan menjadi :

6. Katon both played the guitar and sang the songs in the charity concert last night. (verb 1 dan verb 2 berbeda)

^{Verb 2 (Past) Verb 2 (Past)}

(verb ‘played’ dan ‘sang’ berbeda, namun bentuktenses-nya sama/paralel)

(Katon will play the guitar. He will sing the songs…….) disatukan menjadi :

7. Katon both will play the guitar and (will) sing the songs in the charity concert tonight .

^{Verb (Simple Future) Verb}

(verb ‘will play’ dan ‘sing’ berbeda, namun bentuk tenses-nya sama/paralel; dan ‘will’ nya dihilangkan)

Catatan : Verb-nya bisa berbentuk Present/Past/Future/Perfect/Continuous, dll.

Contoh :

(My mother is in the living room. My sister is in the living room) disatukan menjadi :

1. Both my mother and my sister are in the living room (karena subject-nya jamak, yaitu ‘my mother dan my sister’ maka menggunakan to be ‘are’).

(My brother will travel to Bali. His friends will travel to Bali…..) disatukan menjadi :

2. Both my brother and his friends will travel to Bali next week (‘will travel’ bentuknya Simple Future)

(My friend has completed the test. My brother has completed the test) disatukan menjadi :

3. Both my friend and my brother have completed the test (‘have completed’ bentuknya Present perfect)

(My father went to the wedding party. My mother went to the wedding party…) disatukan menjadi :

4. Both my father and my mother went to the wedding party last night (‘went’ bentuknya Simple Past)

My sister is discussing the lesson. Her friends are discussing the lesson…..) disatukan menjadi :

5. Both my sister and her friends are discussing the lesson at school (‘are discussing’ bentuknya Present Continuous)

(Lisa always saves money. Sally always saves money in the bank…..) disatukan menjadi :

Both Lisa and Sally always save money in the same bank every month (‘save’ bentuknya Simple Prresent)

A. Write the two sentences below into a good sentence

1. Bill is clever. He is also active

_________________________________________________________________________

2. John will go to Bali. Hendra will also go to Bali tomorrow

_________________________________________________________________________

3. Krisdayanti sings the songs beautifully. She also sings the songs attractively

_________________________________________________________________________

4. Andy played table tennis. Bill also played table tennis

_________________________________________________________________________

5. Karen will meet the manager. She will also talk to the manager

_________________________________________________________________________

6. The professor will investigate the DNA. He will also investigate the blood

_________________________________________________________________________

7. The criminal killed the old girl. He also killed her daughter

_________________________________________________________________________

8. Brian played volleyball. Andy also played volleyball

_________________________________________________________________________

9. Lucy is funny. She is also talkative

_________________________________________________________________________

10. Fred wanted to see the teacher. Bill also wanted to see the teacher

_________________________________________________________________________

11. Jones won the game. He also got the medal

_________________________________________________________________________

12. Shinta has taken the test. Sally has also taken the test

_________________________________________________________________________

13. John sang the song. He also danced with Linda in the birthday party last night

_________________________________________________________________________

14. Mike denied stealing her money. He also denied stealing her watch

_________________________________________________________________________

15. Cathy is the best student. George is also the best student in my school

_________________________________________________________________________

BECAUSE & BECAUSE OF

Because (yang tidak diikuti oleh of) harus diikuti oleh anak kalimat (subject + verb + object), because of hanya diikuti oleh prasa kata benda.

POLA KALIMAT

………….because +

Subject + verb There + verb + subject

………….because of + noun phrase

Contoh :

a. Jane was worried because it had started to rain

^{subject verb}

atau

b. Jane was worried because of the rain

^{Noun phrase}

c. The students arrived late because there was a traffic jam

^{verb subject}

atau

d. The students arrived late because of the traffic jam

^{Noun phrase}

A. Supply either because or because of as appropriate

1. It was difficult to deliver the package _______________ the sender had written the wrong address on the letter

2. We decided to leave early ___________ the party was boring

3. Rescue attempts were temporarily halted ____________ the bad weather

4. They visited their friends often ________________ they enjoyed their company

5. Paul can’t go to the football game __________________ his grades

6. Marcella was awarded a scholarship _________________ her superior scholastic ability

7. Nobody ventured outdoors ____________________ the hurricane warnings

8. We plan to spend our vacation in the mountains __________________ the air is purer there

9. We have to drive around the bay _________________ the bridge was destroyed in the storm

10. The chickens have died _______________ the intense heat

11. She couldn’t answer the test properly _______________ she didn’t study hard last night

12. Many children died _____________ famine

13. He couldn’t afford to buy a new pair of shoes _______________ having no money

14. Alfred has won the Pulitzer prize ________________ he is good at writing journalism

15. John loves her crazily __________________ her beauty

28. AS WELL AS

‘as well as’ termasuk pada jenis conjunctions atau kata penghubung. Penggunaan ‘as well as’ adalah untuk menunjukkan adanya subject majemuk atau lebih dari satu subject. Penulisan ‘as well as’-nya memakai koma dan untuk menentukan kata kerja-nya dilihat pada subject yang pertama, bukan pada subject yang kedua. ‘as well as’ artinya adalah ‘dan juga’.

Noun Noun

Subject + Verb + Adjective + as well as + Adjective

Adverb Adverb

Prepositional phrase Prepositional phrase

Contoh :

(a. Robert is talented. b. Robert is also handsome) disatukan menjadi :

1. Robert is talented as well as handsome.

^{adjective adjective}

(a. Beth plays the guitar. b. She also plays the violin) disatukan menjadi :

2. Beth plays the guitar as well as the violin

^{Noun Noun}

(a. He writes correctly. b. He also writes neatly) disatukan menjadi :

3. He writes correctly as well as neatly.

^{adverb adverb}

(a. Bill excels in mathematics. b. He also excels in science) disatukan menjadi :

4. Bill excels in mathematics as well as in science.

^{Prepositional phrase Prepositional phrase}

Prepositional phrase adalah bentuk kata benda/noun yang didahului dengan preposition, seperti ‘in’

BENTUK POLA LAINNYA

Subject + verb + as well as + verb + complement

Contoh :

(a. John Lennon plays the guitar. b. He also composes music) disatukan menjadi :

John plays the guitar as well as composes music.

(a. Tom wins the game. b. He also gets some money) disatukan menjadi :

Tom wins the game as well as gets some money

POLA KALIMAT

Subject ₁, as well as + subject ₂ ,+ verb + complement

Penggunaan ‘as well as’ juga bisa dipakai untuk menunjukkan adanya subject majemuk atau lebih dari satu subject. Penulisan ‘as well as’-nya memakai koma dan untuk menentukan kata kerja-nya dilihat pada subject yang pertama, bukan pada subject yang kedua.

Contoh :

1. (a. The teacher is going to the library. b. His students are also going to the library), disatukan menjadi :

The teacher, as well as his/her students, is going to the library

(subject pertama ‘the teacher’ bentuknya tunggal, maka menggunakan ‘to be’ is, tidak mengacu pada subject ‘his/her students’ yang bentuknya jamak)

2. (a. My cousins have a test tomorrow. b. Tim has also a test tomorrow) disatukan menjadi :

My cousins, as well as Tim, have a test tomorrow

(subject ‘my cousins’ bentuknya jamak, maka verb-nya menggunakan ‘have a test…..’ , tidak mengacu kepada subject ‘Tim’ yang bentuknya tunggal)

AS IF/AS THOUGH

As if atau as though adalah conjunctions yang digunakan untuk menunjukkan sesuatu yang bertentangan dengan kenyataan atau contrary to the fact dan pola kalimatnya juga pengertiannya sama dengan IF-CLAUSE

POLA KALIMAT AS IF/AS THOUGH [ IN THE PRERSENT TIME ]
Subject + verb [simple present]	Unreal Simple Past	Real Simple Present
	As if / as though + subject + verb 2 + complement	Subject + do/does + not + verb 1 + complement
	As if / as though + subject + were + adjective/nouns	Subject + to be 1 + not + adjective/nouns
	As if / as though + subject + did + not + verb 1 + complement	Subject + verb 1 + complement
	As if / as though + subject + were + not + adjective/nouns	Subject + to be 1 + adjective/nouns

Contoh :

1. He acts as if he were rich. (Kenyataan = he is not rich)

2. He looks as if he saw a ghost. (Kenyataan = he does not see a ghost)

3. My father acts as though he didn’t have a car. (Kenyataan = he has a car)

4. He talks as if/as though he were not a teacher. (Kenyataan = he is a teacher)

POLA KALIMAT AS IF/AS THOUGH [ IN THE PAST TIME ]

1. Subject + verb 2 [simple past] + as if / as though + subject + had + verb 3 + complement [past perfect]

Kenyataan = subject + did + not + verb 1 + complement (simple past)

2. Subject + verb 2 [simple past] + as if / as though + subject + had been + adjective/nouns [past perfect]

Kenyataan = subject + to be 2 + not + adjective/nouns (simple past)

3. Subject + verb 2 [simple past] + as if / as though + subject + had + not + verb 3 + complement [simple past]

Kenyataan = subject + verb 2 + complement (simple past)

4. Subject + verb 2 [simple past] + as if / as though + subject + had + not + been + adjective/nouns [past perfect]

Kenyataan = subject + to be 2 + adjective/nouns (simple past)

Contoh :

1. He acted as if he had been rich. (Kenyataan = he was not rich)

2. He looked as if he had seen a ghost. (Kenyataan = he did not see a ghost)

3. My father acted as though he hadn’t had a car. (Kenyataan = he had a car)

4. He talked as if/as though he had not been a teacher. (Kenyataan = he was a teacher)

5. She looked as if/as though she had not taken a shower. (Kenyataan = she took a shower)

6. He drove as if/as though he had not been a driver. (Kenyataan = he was a driver)

A. Complete these sentences using as if from the box

@ she had hurt her leg @ he hadn’t washed for ages @ you need a good rest @ she was enjoying it @ she was going to throw it at him @ he was half-asleep @ you’ve seen a ghost @ they hadn’t eaten for a week @ I’m going to be sickc

@ she had hurt her leg @ he hadn’t washed for ages @ you need a good rest

@ she was enjoying it @ she was going to throw it at him @ he was half-asleep

@ you’ve seen a ghost @ they hadn’t eaten for a week @ I’m going to be sickc

1. Tom looks very tired. You say to him: You look ______________________________

2. When you talked to Jack on the phone last night, he had difficulty speaking. And he said some strange things. He sounded ______________________________

3. Carol had a bored expression on her face during the concert. She didn’t look ______________________________

4. You could smell him from a long way away. He badly needed a bath. He smelt _____________________________

5. Your friend comes into the room looking absolutely terrified. His face is white. You say : What’s the matter ? You look ______________________________

6. You’ve just eaten a whole box of chocolates. Now you are felling ill. You say: I feel __________________________

7. When you saw Sue, she was walking in a strange way. She looked ______________________________

8. They were extremely hungry and ate their dinner very quickly. They ate their dinner _________________________

9. Ann and Tom were having an argument. She was very angry. Suddenly she picked up a plate. She looked ______________________________

B. Using the idea given in parentheses, complete each sentence with as if/as though

1. (I wasn’t run over by a ten-ton truck)

I feel terrible. I feel as if (as though) I had been run over by a ten-ton truck

2. (English is not her native tongue)

She speaks English ________________________________________________________

3. (His animals aren’t people)

I know a farmer who talks to his animals _________________________________________

4. (You didn’t see a ghost)

What’s the matter? You look _________________________________________________

5. (His father is not a general in the army)

Sometimes his father gives orders _____________________________________________

6. (I didn’t climb Mt. Everest)

When I reached the fourth floor, I was winded. I felt ________________________________

7. (He has a brain in his head)

Sometimes he acts _________________________________________________________

8. (We haven’t known each other all of our lives)

We became good friends almost immediately. After talking to each other for only a short time, we felt ___________________________________________________________________

9. (A giant bulldozer didn’t drive down Main street)

After the tornado, the town looked _____________________________________________

10. (I don’t have wings and can’t fly)

I was so happy that I felt _____________________________________________________

11. (The child won’t burst)

The child was so excited that he looked _________________________________________

12. (She does not know anything)

She always talks everything to every people ______________________________________

13. (He didn’t study in the university)

He brought some books _____________________________________________________

14. (He isn’t a police)

He asks me everything about the robbery _______________________________________

15. (She is not a nurse)

When my father was sick, she gave some helps __________________________________

16. (I didn’t understand the lesson)

I didn’t ask anything to my teacher _____________________________________________